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Urinary Bladder Cancer

Urinary bladder cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the cells of the bladder, which is a hollow organ in the lower abdomen that stores urine.

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ON THIS PAGE:
Overview
Signs & Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
FAQs

Overview of Urinary Bladder Cancer

Urinary bladder cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the cells of the bladder, which is a hollow organ in the lower abdomen that stores urine. The most common type is transitional cell carcinoma, which starts in the urothelial cells that line the bladder. Other types include squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.

How Does Urinary Bladder Cancer Occur?

Urinary bladder cancer occurs when cells in the bladder begin to grow uncontrollably, forming tumors that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The exact cause is unknown, but several risk factors have been identified.

Factors Responsible for Urinary Bladder Cancer

Smoking: The most significant risk factor, as harmful chemicals in tobacco can accumulate in the urine and damage the bladder lining.
Exposure to Chemicals: Industrial chemicals, especially in the dye, rubber, leather, and paint industries.
Chronic Bladder Inflammation: Long-term irritation from infections or catheter use.
Family History: A family history of bladder cancer may increase risk.
Age and Gender: More common in older adults and men.
Previous Cancer Treatments: Radiation therapy and certain chemotherapy drugs.

Stages and Grades of Urinary Bladder Cancer

Stage 0: Cancer cells are only in the bladder lining.
Stage I: Cancer has invaded the connective tissue beneath the bladder lining.
Stage II: Cancer has spread to the muscle layer of the bladder.
Stage III: Cancer has spread through the muscle to the surrounding tissues.
Stage IV: Cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or other organs.

Grades indicate how much cancer cells differ from healthy cells:

Low Grade: Cells look similar to normal cells and grow slowly.
High Grade: Cells look very different and grow more rapidly.

Types of Urinary Bladder Cancer

Urothelial Carcinoma: The most common type, also known as transitional cell carcinoma.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Associated with chronic irritation and infections.
Adenocarcinoma: A rare type that begins in glandular cells.

Signs & Symptoms

Recognizing the signs and symptoms of urinary bladder cancer early can significantly improve the chances of successful treatment. Here are the common signs and symptoms to watch out for:

Early Signs

Blood in Urine (Hematuria): The most common symptom, which may cause urine to appear orange, pink, or dark red.
Frequent Urination: Needing to urinate more often than usual.
Painful Urination: Experiencing pain or burning during urination.

Advanced Symptoms

Back or Pelvic Pain: Pain in the lower back or pelvis.
Weight Loss: Unexplained loss of weight.
Swelling in Lower Legs: Swelling due to fluid accumulation.

When to See a Specialist

If you experience any of these symptoms, it is crucial to consult a oncologist promptly. Early detection is key to effective treatment and improved outcomes.

Whom to Consult

Consult a urologist or an oncologist who specializes in urinary cancers if you have symptoms or risk factors associated with urinary bladder cancer. These specialists have the expertise to diagnose and treat cancers of the urinary system.

Chhatrapati Shahu Cancer Research Foundation, Kolhapur

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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures

Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial in the effective treatment of urinary bladder cancer. At Kolhapur Cancer Centre, we utilize a comprehensive approach to ensure precise detection and staging of urinary bladder cancer. Here’s an overview of the diagnostic process:

Initial Consultation

Diagnosis typically begins with a detailed discussion of your symptoms, medical history, and potential risk factors with a specialist.

Physical Examination

Includes a thorough examination of the abdomen and pelvis to check for any abnormalities.

Imaging Tests

Imaging tests provide detailed pictures of the bladder and help in identifying the extent of the cancer:

Cystoscopy: A procedure that allows the doctor to view the inside of the bladder using a small camera.
CT Urography or Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP): Provides images of the urinary tract.
MRI or PET Scans: Used to determine if cancer has spread beyond the bladder.

Biopsy

A definitive diagnosis is made through a transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT), where a small sample of tissue is removed and examined under a microscope.

What is the Gold Standard Test for Confirmed Diagnosis?

Cystoscopy, often combined with a biopsy, is considered the gold standard test for confirming a diagnosis of urinary bladder cancer.

Next Steps to Take

Once a diagnosis is confirmed, staging tests will determine the extent of the cancer, followed by discussions with your onco team to develop a personalized treatment plan.

Available Treatments for Urinary Bladder Cancer

At Kolhapur Cancer Centre, our comprehensive treatment plans are tailored to meet the specific needs of each individual. Here are the primary treatment options available for urinary bladder cancer:

Surgery

Surgery is often the first line of treatment, especially for early-stage cancers:

Transurethral Resection (TURBT): Used to diagnose, stage, and treat superficial bladder tumors.
Cystectomy: Partial or complete removal of the bladder, depending on the stage and grade of cancer.

Radiation Therapy

Uses high-energy rays to target and kill cancer cells, often used in combination with surgery or chemotherapy.

Chemotherapy

Involves drugs that destroy cancer cells, administered before surgery to shrink the tumor or after to kill remaining cells.

Immunotherapy

Boosts the body’s immune system to fight cancer, often used for early-stage bladder cancer.

What is the Gold Standard Treatment for Urinary Bladder Cancer?

The gold standard treatment varies depending on the stage of cancer. For non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, TURBT followed by intravesical therapy (such as BCG immunotherapy) is standard. Muscle-invasive bladder cancer often requires radical cystectomy with chemotherapy or radiation.

Most Common FAQ Urinary Bladder Cancer

Can urinary bladder cancer be prevented?

While there’s no sure way to prevent bladder cancer, reducing risk factors such as quitting smoking and limiting exposure to harmful chemicals can help.

Is bladder cancer hereditary?

Although most bladder cancers are not inherited, a family history can increase risk. Genetic counseling may be helpful for those with a strong family history of cancer.

How does my diet affect my risk of bladder cancer?

No specific diet has been proven to prevent bladder cancer, but maintaining a healthy diet can support overall health and wellness.

How often should I have follow-up appointments after treatment?

Regular follow-up is crucial for detecting recurrence. Your doctor will recommend a schedule, typically involving cystoscopy and imaging tests.

Are there any support groups available for bladder cancer patients?

Yes, numerous support groups and resources are available. Kolhapur Cancer Centre can connect you with local and online support communities.

Kolhapur Cancer Centre is dedicated to providing comprehensive care and support throughout your treatment and recovery. If you have any further questions or need personalized assistance, please don’t hesitate to reach out to our team of specialists. We’re here for you every step of the way.