Gynec Cancers

Endometrial Cancer

Endometrial cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium.

ON THIS PAGE:
Overview
Signs & Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
FAQs

Overview of Endometrial Cancer

Endometrial cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium. It is the most common type of uterine cancer and primarily affects postmenopausal women.

The endometrium thickens and sheds during the menstrual cycle in response to hormonal changes, and cancer can arise when the cells of this lining begin to grow uncontrollably.

→ How Does Endometrial Cancer Occur?

Endometrial cancer occurs when mutations in the DNA of the cells in the endometrium cause them to grow and divide uncontrollably. These abnormal cells can form tumors and have the potential to invade nearby tissues and spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body if not detected and treated early.

→ Factors Responsible for Endometrial Cancer

Several factors may increase the risk of developing endometrial cancer, including:

Hormonal Imbalance: High levels of estrogen without adequate levels of progesterone can increase the risk.
Age: Most cases occur in women over 50.
Obesity: Excess body fat can lead to higher levels of estrogen.
Diabetes: May increase the risk of endometrial cancer.
Family History: A family history of endometrial or colorectal cancer can be a risk factor.
Other Factors: Use of estrogen replacement therapy without progesterone, early menstruation, late menopause, and never having been pregnant.

→ Stages and Grades of Endometrial Cancer

Stage I: Cancer is confined to the uterus. Prognosis is generally good with a high survival rate.
Stage II: Cancer has spread to the cervix but not beyond the uterus. Prognosis remains favorable with appropriate treatment.
Stage III: Cancer has spread to the local pelvic area, such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or lymph nodes. Prognosis is more guarded and requires more aggressive treatment.
Stage IV: Cancer has spread to distant organs, such as the bladder, rectum, or beyond the pelvis. Prognosis is poor, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms and improving quality of life.

→ Grades of Endometrial Cancer

Grade 1 (Low Grade): Cancer cells look similar to normal cells and grow slowly.
Grade 2 (Intermediate Grade): Cancer cells look more abnormal and grow at a moderate rate.
Grade 3 (High Grade): Cancer cells look very different from normal cells and grow quickly.

Types of Endometrial Cancer

Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma: The most common type, originating in the glandular cells of the endometrium.
Uterine Papillary Serous Carcinoma: A more aggressive type that can spread quickly.
Clear Cell Carcinoma: Another aggressive form that is less common but more difficult to treat.
Carcinosarcoma: Contains both carcinoma and sarcoma cells and is treated similarly to other endometrial cancers.

Signs & Symptoms

Recognizing the signs and symptoms of endometrial cancer early can significantly improve the chances of successful treatment. Here are the common signs and symptoms to watch out for:

→ Early Signs

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: Bleeding between periods, unusually heavy menstrual bleeding, or bleeding after menopause.
Pelvic Pain: Pain or discomfort in the pelvic area.
Discharge: Unusual or watery vaginal discharge not related to menstruation.

→ Advanced Symptoms

Pain During Intercourse: Discomfort or pain during sexual activity.
Unexplained Weight Loss: Sudden, unexplained weight loss.
Fatigue: Persistent tiredness and lack of energy.
Difficulty Urinating: Pain or difficulty while urinating, indicating possible spread to nearby tissues.

→ Importance of Seeking Medical Advice

If you experience any of these symptoms, it is crucial to Consult a Cancer Specialist as soon as possible. Early detection is key to effective treatment and improved outcomes. Even if the symptoms are subtle or seem unrelated, it’s better to err on the side of caution.

Chhatrapati Shahu Cancer Research Foundation, Kolhapur

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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures

Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial in the effective treatment of endometrial cancer. At Kolhapur Cancer Centre, we utilize a comprehensive approach to ensure precise detection and staging of endometrial cancer. Here’s an overview of the diagnostic process:

→ Initial Consultation

The diagnostic journey typically begins with an initial consultation where you will discuss your symptoms, medical history, and any risk factors with a specialist. This step is essential for your doctor to understand your overall health and identify any warning signs of endometrial cancer.

→ Physical Examination

During a physical examination, your doctor will conduct a thorough examination of the pelvic area to check for any abnormalities. This exam may include:

Visual Inspection: Checking for visible abnormalities in the vaginal and cervical area.
Manual Examination: Feeling for lumps or irregularities in the uterus and surrounding areas.

→ Imaging Tests

Imaging tests provide detailed pictures of the internal structures and help in identifying the extent of the cancer. Common imaging tests include:

Transvaginal Ultrasound: An ultrasound probe is inserted into the vagina to produce images of the uterus and endometrium.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Provides detailed images using magnetic fields and radio waves.
Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: Combines X-ray images taken from different angles to create a comprehensive picture of the pelvic area.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan: Uses a small amount of radioactive material to highlight cancerous cells.

→ Biopsy

A definitive diagnosis of endometrial cancer is made through a biopsy, where a small sample of tissue is removed and examined under a microscope. Types of biopsies include:

Endometrial Biopsy: A small sample of endometrial tissue is removed using a thin, flexible tube.
Dilation and Curettage (D&C): A procedure to remove tissue from the inside of the uterus for examination.

→ Other Diagnostic Procedures

Hysteroscopy: A hysteroscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted into the uterus to examine the endometrium and collect tissue samples.

→ Importance of Early Detection

Detecting endometrial cancer at an early stage significantly improves treatment outcomes. If you experience any symptoms or have risk factors associated with endometrial cancer, it is crucial to seek medical advice promptly. Early diagnosis allows for more effective treatment options and better prognosis.

Oral Cancer Surgery

Oral Cavity Cancer refers to cancers that develop in the mouth, including the lips, tongue, gums, inner lining of the cheeks, roof of the mouth (palate), and the floor of the mouth under the tongue.

Available Treatments for Endometrial Cancer

At Kolhapur Cancer Centre, we understand that every patient’s journey with endometrial cancer is unique. Our comprehensive treatment plans are tailored to meet the specific needs of each individual. Here are the primary treatment options available for endometrial cancer:

→ Surgery

Surgery is often the first line of treatment for endometrial cancer, especially in its early stages. The goal is to remove the cancerous tissue while preserving as much of the surrounding healthy tissue as possible. Types of surgical procedures include:

Hysterectomy: Removal of the uterus, often including the cervix. A total hysterectomy removes the uterus and cervix, while a radical hysterectomy also removes part of the vagina and surrounding tissues.
Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy: Removal of both ovaries and fallopian tubes, often performed along with a hysterectomy.
Lymph Node Dissection: Removal of nearby lymph nodes to check for the spread of cancer.

→ Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to target and kill cancer cells. It can be used as a primary treatment or in conjunction with surgery and chemotherapy. There are two main types:

External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT): Delivers radiation from outside the body, focusing on the cancerous area.
Brachytherapy: Involves placing radioactive material directly inside or near the tumor, providing a high dose of radiation to the cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue.

→ Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs to destroy cancer cells. It can be administered orally or intravenously and is often used when cancer has spread beyond the uterus.

Chemotherapy may be used in combination with other treatments to increase effectiveness. Common side effects include nausea, fatigue, hair loss, and increased susceptibility to infections.

→ Hormone Therapy

Hormone therapy involves the use of hormones or hormone-blocking drugs to slow the growth of endometrial cancer cells.

This treatment is often used for cancers that are sensitive to hormones. Common hormone therapies include:

Progestins: Synthetic forms of progesterone that can help slow the growth of endometrial cancer cells.
Tamoxifen: A drug that blocks estrogen receptors on cancer cells.
Aromatase Inhibitors: Drugs that lower the amount of estrogen in the body.

→ Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack cancer cells precisely, usually while doing little damage to normal cells.

This treatment targets specific molecules involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. It can be an option for advanced endometrial cancers that express certain genetic markers.

→ Importance of a Multidisciplinary Approach

Treating endometrial cancer often requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes gynecologic oncologists, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, and other specialists.

This ensures that all aspects of the patient’s health are considered, and the most effective treatment plan is developed.

Most Common FAQs on Endometrial Cancer

What is the difference between endometrial cancer and uterine cancer?

Endometrial cancer specifically refers to cancer that starts in the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. Uterine cancer is a broader term that can refer to any cancer that originates within the uterus, including endometrial cancer and other types such as uterine sarcoma.

Can endometrial cancer occur in premenopausal women?

Yes, while endometrial cancer is more common in postmenopausal women, it can also occur in premenopausal women. Risk factors such as obesity, hormonal imbalances, and a family history of cancer can increase the likelihood of developing endometrial cancer at a younger age.

How does obesity contribute to the risk of endometrial cancer?

Obesity contributes to higher levels of estrogen in the body because fat tissue can convert other hormones into estrogen. This hormonal imbalance can stimulate the endometrial lining, increasing the risk of cancerous cell growth.

Are there genetic tests available for endometrial cancer?

Yes, genetic testing can identify inherited mutations that may increase the risk of endometrial cancer, such as those in the Lynch syndrome genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2). It is advisable to speak with a genetic counselor to understand the implications and benefits of genetic testing.

What role does hormone replacement therapy (HRT) play in endometrial cancer risk?

Hormone replacement therapy that includes estrogen alone (without progesterone) can increase the risk of endometrial cancer. However, combined HRT (estrogen and progesterone) has a lower risk. It is important to discuss the risks and benefits of HRT with your healthcare provider.

How can I schedule a consultation at Kolhapur Cancer Centre?

To schedule a consultation at Kolhapur Cancer Centre, you can contact us through our website or call our office directly. Our team of specialists is here to provide comprehensive evaluations and personalized care for patients with cervical cancer.

Can endometrial cancer be detected through a Pap smear?

A Pap smear is not typically used to detect endometrial cancer. It is designed to screen for cervical cancer. However, sometimes abnormal cells from the endometrium can be detected in a Pap smear, leading to further investigation.

What lifestyle changes can help reduce the risk of endometrial cancer?

Maintaining a healthy weight, engaging in regular physical activity, eating a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables, and avoiding smoking can help reduce the risk of endometrial cancer. Regular gynecological check-ups are also important for early detection.

Are there support groups available for endometrial cancer patients?

Yes, there are numerous support groups and resources available for endometrial cancer patients. These groups offer emotional support, information, and a sense of community. Kolhapur Cancer Centre can help connect you with local and online support resources.

Kolhapur Cancer Centre is here to provide comprehensive care and support throughout your journey. If you have any further questions or concerns, please don’t hesitate to reach out to our team of specialists.