GI Cancers

Colon Cancer

Colon Cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, originates in the colon or rectum, which are parts of the large intestine.

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ON THIS PAGE:
Overview
Signs & Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
FAQs

Overview of Colon Cancer

Colon Cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, originates in the colon or rectum, which are parts of the large intestine. It is a malignant tumor that arises from the inner wall of the colon. Colon Cancer typically begins as small, benign clusters of cells called polyps, which can eventually become cancerous if left untreated.

How Does It Happen?

Colon Cancer occurs when healthy cells in the colon develop mutations in their DNA. These mutations cause the cells to grow uncontrollably and form a tumor. If not detected and treated early, these cancerous cells can invade nearby tissues and spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.

Causes & Risk Factors

Several factors can increase the risk of developing Colon Cancer, including:

Genetic Mutations: Inherited genetic conditions such as Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) can raise the risk.
Age: The risk increases significantly after age 50.
Diet: Diets high in fat and low in fiber, as well as a lack of fruits and vegetables, can contribute to the risk.
Lifestyle Factors: Obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and heavy alcohol use are all associated with higher risk.
Medical History: A history of polyps, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or previous colorectal cancer increases the likelihood.
Family History: Having a first-degree relative with Colon Cancer also elevates your risk.

Stages & Grades

Colon Cancer is classified into stages and grades to determine its severity:

Stages:

Stage 0: Cancer is in its earliest stage and confined to the inner lining of the colon.
Stage I: Cancer has grown into the inner layers of the colon but has not spread outside the colon wall.
Stage II: Cancer has spread through the muscle layer of the colon wall but not to nearby lymph nodes.
Stage III: Cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes but not to distant organs.
Stage IV: Cancer has spread to distant organs such as the liver or lungs.

Grades:

Grade 1 (Low Grade): Cancer cells resemble normal cells and tend to grow and spread slowly.
Grade 2 (Moderate Grade): Cancer cells are moderately different from normal cells.
Grade 3 (High Grade): Cancer cells look very different from normal cells and are likely to grow and spread more aggressively.

Types of Colon Cancer

Adenocarcinomas: The most common type, originating in the glandular cells that produce mucus.
Carcinoid Tumors: Develop in the hormone-producing cells of the intestines.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs): Originate in the connective tissue cells of the gastrointestinal tract.
Lymphomas: Start in the immune system cells found in the intestines.
Sarcomas: Develop in the blood vessels, muscle layers, or other connective tissues.

Signs & Symptoms

Symptoms of Colon Cancer can be subtle in the early stages. However, some common signs include:

Changes in bowel habits (diarrhea, constipation, or narrow stools)
Blood in the stool (bright red or very dark)
Persistent abdominal discomfort (cramps, gas, or pain)
Feeling that your bowel doesn’t empty completely
Weakness or fatigue
Unexplained weight loss

What to Do When You See These Symptoms

If you notice any of these symptoms, it is important to consult a healthcare provider. Early detection is crucial for effective treatment.

When to See a Specialist

Seek specialist advice if symptoms persist or if you have risk factors for Colon Cancer. Early consultation with KCC experts can lead to timely diagnosis and better outcomes.

Chhatrapati Shahu Cancer Research Foundation, Kolhapur

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Diagnostic Tests & Procedures

To diagnose Colon Cancer, the following tests and procedures may be recommended:

Colonoscopy: A comprehensive examination of the colon using a flexible tube with a camera.
Biopsy: Tissue samples taken during a colonoscopy to look for cancer cells.
CT Colonography (Virtual Colonoscopy): Uses CT scanning to produce images of the colon.
Stool Tests: Detect blood or specific DNA markers indicative of cancer.
Blood Tests: Check for specific markers like carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA).

How Specialists Confirm the Diagnosis

Specialists at KCC use a combination of colonoscopy, biopsy, imaging tests, and lab results to confirm Colon Cancer. The gold standard is a biopsy, which provides definitive evidence through microscopic examination of tissue samples.

What to Do When Diagnosed

A cancer diagnosis can be overwhelming. At KCC, we offer a compassionate approach, providing personalized treatment plans, psychological support, and access to support groups to help you through this journey.

Available Treatments for Colon Cancer

KCC offers a variety of treatment options tailored to each patient’s specific needs:

Surgery: The primary treatment, involving the removal of the cancerous section of the colon (colectomy) and nearby lymph nodes.
Chemotherapy: Uses drugs to destroy cancer cells, often used before or after surgery.
Radiation Therapy: High-energy rays target and kill cancer cells, primarily used for rectal cancer.
Targeted Therapy: Drugs that target specific molecules involved in cancer cell growth.
Immunotherapy: Boosts the immune system to fight cancer.

Gold Standard Treatment & Why

Surgery is the gold standard treatment for localized Colon Cancer, offering the best chance of cure by removing the tumor. In advanced stages, a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation may be used.

Whom to Consult for Treatment

Consult our specialized oncologists, surgeons, and healthcare professionals at KCC. Our multidisciplinary team collaborates to provide comprehensive care tailored to your condition.

Prognosis of Treatment

The prognosis of Colon Cancer depends on factors such as stage at diagnosis, overall health, and response to treatment. Early detection and appropriate treatment significantly improve survival rates.

Most Common FAQ Colon Cancer

What are the early symptoms of Colon Cancer?

Early symptoms include changes in bowel habits, blood in the stool, and abdominal discomfort.

How is Colon Cancer diagnosed?

Diagnosis involves colonoscopy, biopsy, imaging tests, and stool tests.

Can Colon Cancer be prevented?

Prevention strategies include a healthy diet, regular exercise, and routine screenings.

Is Colon Cancer hereditary?

Some cases are hereditary, particularly those involving genetic mutations like Lynch syndrome.

What is the survival rate for Colon Cancer?

Survival rates vary, with higher rates for early-stage detection.

What are the treatment side effects?

Side effects depend on the treatment but may include fatigue, digestive issues, and nausea.

Can Colon Cancer recur?

Yes, regular follow-ups are essential to monitor for recurrence.

Are there alternative treatments for Colon Cancer?

Some patients explore complementary therapies, but always consult your doctor first.

How do I choose the right treatment plan?

Discuss options with your oncologist to determine the best plan for your specific case.

What support services are available at KCC?

KCC offers counseling, nutritional advice, and support groups for patients and families.

At Kolhapur Cancer Centre, we are dedicated to providing exceptional care and support to Colon Cancer patients. Contact us today to learn more about our services and how we can assist you on your journey to recovery.